Bringing Trauma Home: Spouses of Paramedics

The profession of arrest care inevitably brings along with it a lot of direction, both mental and physical. Paramedics and other emergency care professionals are faced with a multitude of varying situations ranging from harsh weather to violent patients and emotion on the wholey draining subsists such as witnessing extensively wound patients or deaths. Moreover, these individuals are in each case faced with contrasting hassles such as scoreing in exhaustive shifts, overtime issues and variable schedules (Blakely & Timmons, 2008 Regehr, Goldberg, & Hughes, 2002).All these factors not single square up the paramedics themselves but also acquire a significant impact on their families. Studies call for shown the existence of the phenomenon of petty(a) trauma (Figley, 1995 cited in Regehr, Goldberg, & Hughes, 2002), or vicarious traumatization (McCann & Pearlman, 1990 Saakvitne & Pearlman, 1996 cited in Regehr, Goldberg, & Hughes, 2002) amongst mental wellness workers who hav e been exposed to individuals who are faced with traumatizing experiences.It has been proven that creation exposed to the traumatic experiences of others predisposes individuals to develop symptoms of anxiety, sleep disturbances and affective arousal (Regehr, Goldberg, & Hughes, 2002). Studies have revealed that emergency workers including ambulance personnel have a high incidence of post-traumatic stress dis stage (PTSD) (Jonsson, Segesten, & Mattsson, 2003). Other studies reveal that by witnessing the trauma and suffering of victims, paramedics develop secondary trauma and if they share their experiences with their family members, they too might experience vicarious traumatization (Blakely & Timmons, 2008).Different individuals have been shown to deal with the stress in different ways. Some individuals might share their experiences with their family members and want emotional support from them. In doing so, they inadvertently expose their family members to the same distress and anguish that they are experiencing. Thus families when extending their support towards the paramedics, who need to cope with the work-related stress, may themselves refund prey to developing mental distress via the process of secondary trauma (Blakely & Timmons, 2008).On the other hand, some individuals may cope with the work-related stress that they experience via emotional numbing, whereby they viewing a loss of affect and emotional detachment (Regehr, manner of speaking the trauma home Spouses of Paramedics, 2005). They may thereby have impaired family functioning and curb interactions with their family members (Regehr, Bringing the trauma home Spouses of Paramedics, 2005). Both these coping strategies have thus been proven to indirectly have a negative influence on the family members of paramedics.In addition, work stress has also been shown to impair the family functioning of paramedics (Blakely & Timmons, 2008). Another line of work that the family members, in particular the spouses of paramedics have to face is dealing with the tough r bug outine that these individuals have. Other concerns of the family members include the health risks and the physical violence that the emergency care personnel are prone to (Blakely & Timmons, 2008).Thus, the work-related mental stress experienced by personnel involved in emergency care does not only have impact on their own life and health but also on their family members, in particular their spouses. It hence becomes imperative to theatre of operations the influence and consequences of the mental distress which the paramedics face on their family lives and relationship, determine factors which influence the development of these problems, and hence improvise strategies to minimize the potential misemploy and risks associated with these problems.Qualitative versus Quantitative research design for addressing this issue When undertaking research to address all issue, two different kinds of research methods exist , viz. soft and quantitative methods. The prime(prenominal) of the research method depends on the depicted object headway. When an exploration of the various aspects of a particular issue is required, qualitative research should be undertaken (Marshall, 1996). Qualitative research allows an in-depth study of the phenomenon of interest and involves observing the phenomenon in its natural environment without any interventions (Runciman, 2002).The results yielded as a result of qualitative studies are transferable and such research practises wherefore and how questions (Marshall, 1996). It provides a conceptual analysis of the issue and serves various different designs including hypothesis generation, which can be further tested via using quantitative methods, to assess the pre-existing systems and functions and to convey to the policy makers the views and experiences of the individuals in question, amongst others (Fitzpatrick & Boulton, 1994).Qualitative research is thus compl ex, contextual and influenced by the interaction of physical, psychological and social factors (Runciman, 2002). In the other hand, quantitative research uses a deductive or reductionalist approach and is aimed at testing preset hypothesis (Marshall, 1996). The main implications of this kind of research is in assessing the effectiveness of various interventions or equivalence two different study separates. Quantitative methodology yields generalizable results and produces answers to what questions (Marshall, 1996).Keeping in mind the above mentioned basic differences between qualitative and quantitative research and their applicability in various situations, the best suited form of methodology which can be employ in commiting the impact of the work-related stress of the paramedics on their family lives is qualitative methodology. This is because the issue at hand requires an in-depth exploration of the various aspects and consequences of the work-related stress on the individu als, their family life and their spouses and qualitative approach is the most suitable for answering such questions.Problem identification and definition The intro section of a research phrase is aimed at identifying the research problem, to determine the magnitude of the problem in the society and to provide the rationale behind carrying out the study (Parahoo, 2006). In this article, the beginning clearly defines the problem which led to the conduction of this study viz. the negative impact of the work-related mental stress that paramedics face on their spouses (Regehr, 2005) and adequately explain the theoretical framework behind this problem.According to the seed, paramedics experience a considerable amount of mental and physical stress while at work and this influences their overall mood and affect. There are two main types of coping strategies that paramedics can adopt in order to overcome the mental distress they experience and these involve either remaining detached and emotionally aloof from the situations faced, i. e. emotional numbing, or explicitly sharing their experiences with others (Regehr, 2005).Neither of these strategies have been found to be useful since the origin leads to a poor quality of relationships as the numbing prevails in general life and leads to an inability to emotionally engage and interact with others, and the latter has been found to look sharp symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in the family members whereby they start experiencing stress similar to that faced by the paramedics (Regehr, 2005).The author thus surmises that the work related stress of paramedics does not only bring significant distress to the individuals in question, but also to their family members, in particular their spouses, and this is a considerable problem that warrants research in order to neaten the factors contributing towards this problem (Regehr, 2005). Thus, in this article, the phenomenon of interest is clearly identified and the theoretical underpinnings of the problem have been adequately addressed.However, when defining the problem, the author does not explain wherefore the qualitative study design would be best suited for this particular problem. Moreover, this section also lacks a discussion of the significance of this research and its military issue to everyday clinical practice, i. e. How would identifying and addressing this particular problem prove to be beneficial for paramedics and their spouses in the short and long-term? Literature Review The publications review provided in an article provides an in-depth view of the research done on the topic.It should be based on an extensive review of literature and discuss all aspects of the topic in question (Parahoo, 2006). In this article, a thorough and comprehensive literature regarding the different aspects of the effect of paramedics work-related mental distress on their family and spouses has been provided. Moreover, the literature is logically or ganized and leads the readers sequentially from problem identification to its impact and consequences.Using the literature, the author initially discusses the magnitude and nature of the emotional stress that paramedics face and then moves on to describe the role of the family in component paramedics to deal with this stress (Regehr, 2005). The author then quotes and discusses the different studies which been carried out to elucidate the coping strategies used by paramedics to vercome the mental distress that they encounter and the effect of these strategies on the family members (Regehr, 2005), thus providing a framework and the rationale for conducting the study in question.However, the literature review of this article has certain shortcomings. Firstly, the literature review fails to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the studies carried out previously and the gaps in the research literature that exist. This is important so as to ascertain what bran-new findings this st udy would contribute to the existing literature on the subject. Moreover, some of the literature qouted in this article dates back to almost two decades ago, e. g. Verboski and Ryan, 1988 and Nezu and Carnevale, 1987, and is thus outdated.This shortcoming could have been avoided by using more recent and up to date literature, which would have contributed further towards the strength of the article. Thus in conclusion, the literature review is adequately performed and suffiently describes the previous research conducted on the topic but has certain limitations and shortcomings. Methodology The methodology section is one of the most important sections of any article as this part guides the readers on how the study is actually being conducted. It has several important components. The different components of methodology of this article are critically reviewed below.Research Design The research design used is for this study is qualitative research. This method is appropriately chosen sin ce this study aims to identify the different consequences that the paramedics lifestyle and the pressures associated with their job has on their family life and their spouses and these consequences are influenced by several factors and can be studied from different aspects (Regehr, 2005). Qualitative research serves the purpose of studying a problem from several different perspectives and is conducted in a natural setting.It does not require any intervention or control group and is a mere observation of the phenomenon of interest, giving a holistic picture of the problem being addressed (Runciman, 2002). This study is meant to be an exploration of the experiences, concerns and issues of the spouses of paramedics and thus the qualitative method is best suited method for it. Sampling The sample for this study consisted of spouses of fourteen paramedics who were employed at two different emergency medical organizations. The author describes the rationale of using a sample size of fourt een participants, viz. ensuring the occurrence of color (Regehr, 2005).Saturation is an important concept applicable to qualitative research. In general, it is an launch fact that as the sample size increases the chances of conducting a random sample error decrease and thus, larger sample sizes are preferred in order to reduce the variability in the results (Marshall, 1996). However, at a certain point, no new information or themes are revealed from the selective information set and this is termed as saturation (Marshall, 1996). For qualitative studies, the sample size required is usually small but recruiting an adequate number of participants in order to achieve saturation should be ensured.In this article, the sample distribution method used is not stated explicitly but the technique used reveals that purposive sample was used, i. e. spouses of paramedics were approached and asked to participate in this study (Regehr, 2005). This kind of sampling is best suited for qualitative studies, in particular those who focus on a particular group of individuals rather than on the general population. However, this article does not mention any particular inclusion or exclusion criteria for the study participants.Inclusion and exclusion criteria are important in minimizing the variability amongst participants and in the reduction of any confounding factors which might lead to variation in the results and thus compromise the validity and reliability of the study findings. Data Collection Strategies The data collection tools used were audio taped interviews which followed a semi-structured interview guide and notes on the impressions of the interviewers which were taken during peer debriefing sessions (Regehr, 2005). Using interviews for data collection has the advantage of focusing on human experiences and emotions regarding the problem.Moreover, the use of semi-structured interviews in this case served a dual purpose viz. ensuring standardization of the responses, whi ch facilitates organization and interpretation of the results, and providing opportunity for the exploration of arenas other than those limited to and specified in the interview guide. A limitation of the description of the data collection strategies for this study is that the particular questions and themes addressed during the interview are not mentioned explicitly and the article only mentions the broad categories to which the questions belonged, e.g. family situation, the effects of shift work, etc (Regehr, 2005). This has the potential for leaving the readers in doubt as to which issues are being addressed and which ones are being focused upon in particular. Moreover, the time required for each interview is not mentioned, neither is the setting in which the interview was conducted. The article also fails to mention how many another(prenominal) interviewers were involved in the data collection process and the steps taken, if any, to reduce the variations in data collection amo ngst different interviewers and to minimize interviewer bias.Data Analysis Strategies The data thereby collected via the interviews was initially analyzed for common themes using computer based software named NUD*IST Vivo. As draw by the author, open coding was utilized in the first stage for the broad categorization of data and subsequently, selective coding was done (Regehr, 2005). The author also mentions that throughout the research process, the input of emergency attend organization members was acquired in order to ensure transferability and conformability (Regehr, 2005).The data analysis section of this article is very brief and not enough information is presented for readers to replicate the methodology. The author does not mention the use of any particular data analysis strategies such as iterative analysis and data triangulation. Thus, the data analysis described by author, although possesses credibility, lacks in auditability. Results and Important Findings For qualitati ve studies, the results need to be extensively discussed and should include actual quotes and statements of the study participants to give a clear view of the outcome of the study to the readers (Parahoo).The results section of this article is very comprehensive and gives a clear overview of the study findings. By organization of the results obtained under different subheadings such as concerns about(predicate) the dangers of the job, effect of stress and trauma on the paramedic and the family, etc, the results have been made clear and easily interpretable by the readers (Regehr, 2005). Moreover, the use of actual quotes of the study participants gives a clearer view of and provides a better understanding of the participants experiences and feelings.The results reveal that the authors conceptualization and the theoretical framework presented initially were true to the data and the findings obtained. This study, in addition to describing the traumatic experiences and nerve-wracking situations faced by the paramedics and their effects on their lives and functioning which have also been previously elucidated by various studies, also provides an insight to the hassles which paramedics and their families encounter (Regehr, 2005).As described in the results, these include shift work, overwork, scheduling issues and equipment and personnel issues (Regehr, 2005). The recognition of these hassles is also important in addition to identifying the consequences of traumatic and stressful experiences on family life as these hassles also contribute significantly towards the disruption of normal family routines and may give rise to conflicts and discontent amongst spouses.In addition, in my opinion, the use of unaffixed language in presenting the results adopted by the author facilitates the understanding of the readers and stimulates their interest in the article. Thus, the results section of this article effectively and comprehensively summarizes the main findings of the study conducted and presents them in an interesting, coherent and simple manner. Discussion, recommendations and conclusions The discussion section is, in effect, an integration of all the subsections of the article which leads to the generation of a concluding statement (Parahoo, 2006).This section is aimed at linking the themes discussed in the introduction and background section of the study, the literature review and the important results generated (Parahoo, 2006). In this article, the discussion overviews all the important results and pertinent findings and compares them with the research which has been previously conducted. Almost all of the findings of this study conform to the findings generated by previously conducted studies. One limitation of the discussion is that the author does not report any conflicting results reported by previously conducted studies, if they exist.Providing different points of view that exist regarding a particular matter helps in improving the rea ders perspective of the subject and aids them in forming their views and opinions regarding a particular matter. Another important component of the discussion is the identification of issues which require further research. In this article, the author correctly identifies the shortcomings of the study, where they exist and identify potential areas for emerging research. For example, this study identifies two main coping strategies which paramedics use in the face of traumatic experiences, viz.expressing their distress and anguish via debriefing with family members or keeping their issues o themselves and place up a wall (Regehr, 2005). This study, although identifies these issues, cannot investigate further in to which of these strategies is more effective in coping with the stress that paramedics experience. The author hence recommends that further studies should be conducted in this regard in order to further explore this arena. Similarly, since the results of this study are gen eralizable to a particular subset of population only i. e.the spouses of paramedics, another recommendation proposed by the author is to conduct studies similar to this one involving participants belonging to other professions in which emotional management for dealing with traumatic experiences is required such as amongst firefighters, police and military personnel (Regehr, 2005). This study also identifies that formal and informal support systems did exist in the emergency medical service organization and were being underutilized. Moreover, no similar support systems existed for family members of the paramedics (Regehr, 2005).The author, although identifies this issue, does not suggest any measures which can be taken to overcome the problem that this issue poses. Moreover, the implications of this research and the findings of this study in everyday clinical practice and for paramedics and their spouses have not been addressed by the author. All the above discussed sections of a re search articles lead towards the conclusion section of the article. The conclusions are meant to answer the questions raised and the objectives that were defined prior to conducting the study.They are also meant to summarize the important results generated from the study. The conclusions presented in this article serve all these purposes and briefly summarize and reflect the study findings. Ethical Issues As opposed to quantitative studies, observational and qualitative studies do not involve any intervention on the part of the researchers. Despite this, scholarship of honorable approval before conducting qualitative studies is as imperative as it is while undertaking quantitative studies.In this study, the author does not mention taking ethical approval for conducting this study by the hospital ethical review boards of either of the two emergency medical organizations from which paramedics were identified for their spouses to be recruited in the study. Moreover, the article does n ot mention taking informed consent from the participants of the study. Informed consent is one of the most important basic principles of research and should always be obtained prior to recruiting participants for any study.Another important ethical aspect which is not addressed in this study is that this study identifies several issues such as the problems faced by paramedics and their families as a result of job-related mental trauma, the underutilization of available support systems by the paramedics and the absence of the availability of any similar support systems for the spouses and families (Regehr, 2005). However, after identifying these issues, the author does not propose any interventions which might be useful in order to overcome these issues or the probable solutions for the problems identified.References Blakely, M. R. , & Timmons, S. M. (2008). Life Style and health Research. Nova Publishers. Figley, C. (1995). Compassion fatigue Towards a new understanding of the cost s of caring. In B. Stamm (Ed. ), Secondary traumatic stress Self care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators (pp. 328). Lutherville, MD Sidran Press. Fitzpatrick, R. , & Boulton, M. (1994). Qualitative methods for assessing health care. Quality in Health Care , 107-113. Jonsson, A. , Segesten, K. , & Mattsson, B.(2003). Post-traumatic stress among Swedish ambulance personnel. Emergency Medicine Journal , 79-84. Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family Practice , 522-526. McCann, L. , & Pearlman, L. (1990). Vicarious traumatization A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of damagetic Stress, 3, 131149. Parahoo, K. (2006). Nursing Research Principles, Process and Issties. London Palgrave Macmillan. Houndmills Basingstoke. Regehr, C. (2005).Bringing the trauma home Spouses of Paramedics. Journal of Loss and Trauma , 97-114. Regehr, C. , Goldberg, G. , & Hughes, J. (2002). Exposure to Human Tragedy, Em pathy, and Trauma in Ambulance Paramedics. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 505-513. Runciman, W. B. (2002). Qualitative versus quantitative research balancing cost, yield and feasibility. Quality and Safety in Health Care , 146-147. Saakvitne, K. , & Pearlman, L. (1996). Transforming the pain A workbook on vicarious traumatization. New York Norton.

The World’s Wife ‘Little Red-Cap’

How true would it be to say that fine Red-Cap is representative of the body of hum Ann Duffys collection The worlds married woman? Duffy includes a range of estimates, which are portrayed in an idiosyncratic way within the collection The Worlds Wife. Most prominently Little Red-Cap focuses on the issues of charly dominance whilst contrasting it with female exploitation. Alongside, qualities of ambition and independence Duffy fecal matter represent her female characters as significant and therefore hinder mens reputation in the current patriarchal society.This point is further elucidated by Michael Woods who declared the poet fuses these ideas to reinforce the unremitting nullity that is forced upon many women when they are required to take a mans name in place of their own. In fact, the central theme of The Worlds Wife is encapsulated in this critique upon male arrogance. 1. Particularly this is something Duffy concentrates on in Queen Herod, Mrs Rip Van Winkle, Thetis and Mr s Aesop alongside Little Red-Cap. In severalise to intensify the value of women in society Duffy typic wholey portrays her female characters as more dominant than the males.In Little Red-Cap the adolescents control is clear in particular in the final and penultimate stanzas as the twist on the original tale of Little Red Riding Hood I took an axe to the wildcat well down as he slept, one chop gives the narrator the power to dominate over the controlling, male character. Her impatience to escape the wolfs rugged subjection is especially evident from Duffys use of enjambment between these two stanzas where she took an axe / to a willow to see how it wept.Further her power is apparent from the last line, singing, all alone, as Duffy explicates the satisfaction with her triumphant victory over the dark character without the assistance from the hero, typically being a male character. Duffy identifies the problem in which men are portrayed in Queen Herod where women commonly see men, deceptively, as a Hero, Hunk, the je tadore and showing that this is a problem by incorporating the negatives in contrast, such as The Wolf, The Rip, The Rat.In comparison, the humorous pun used in the final stanza of Mrs Aesop portrays the female as over powering through the trenchant ridiculing of the males little cock that wouldnt crow. Following this, the witty threat Ill cut impinge on your tail, all right, I said, to save my face, which refers to the Bobbit case where his married woman cut off his penis, is suggestive of threatening the same act upon him, which shut him up and she laughed last, yearlong proving how much control Mrs Aesop has over her husband.Comparatively, there is a distinct semantic field of power in Queen Herod from the use of phrases such as I swore, Do it and I sent for the Chief of Staff, showing the power, and confidence in that power, that Queen Herod has over the male characters. Perhaps this portrayal by Duffy is to bow women that this attitude c an be acceptable and possible in our modern day society. Despite this, Duffy contrasts the power of the female gender with the exploitation of females in society.The wolf in Little Red-Cap is alluring whilst his chin beholds a hidden sign of adulthood red wine staining. The last line of the second stanza he spotted me, sweet sixteen, never been, babe, waif, and bought me a drink elucidates the overpowering control the wolf has over the adolescent. It is considerably regarded as an issue as the adolescent initially sees the wolf as seductive rather than threatening, as seen in most modern day relationships. Perhaps here Duffy is attempting to inform the indorser of the dangers of festering up too fast in the company of an influential man.Particularly, in Mrs Rip Van Winkle the female sank like a cavity as if drowning, which creates a traumatic and confining image where the narrator has lost control and explicates her failure. The use of still in the extended metaphor I sank like a stone into the still, deep waters of late middle age suggests a sense of calmness contrasting with the panic of drowning in from experiencing the menopause. This contrasts gives off the suggestion that it is only the woman that changes meanwhile the rest of the world remains still and composed.This is compared with Thetis where female exploitation is extremely acknowledged. Similarly, the wife of Thetis shrank and sank herself to escape the controlling power of the male character. Identifying this issue allows the reader to regard it seriously thus influencing the reader, which is most likely to be female, to share feminist views and condemn the male population. Little Red-Cap especially consists of the themes ambition and independence whilst growing up.The story of childhoods end is the transition from innocence to experience with a journey of impetuous turmoil to find love, passion, sex and independence. For Little Red-Cap, meter is the reason why she chooses ambition because of its richness, the mystery of its ambiguity and the wolf (the dark, mysterious character) can provide this for her. Perhaps, for Little Red-Cap, growing up is poetic and therefore desirable. This can easily be compared with Mrs Rip Van Winkle who, while he slept, found adventure in her life.As she explains I found some hobbies for myself it is evident that she is thinking only of what she wants from the use of personal pronouns for the first and last words of the bid, which further portrays him as unimportant regarding her development in reaching triumph in adventure. This is especially explicated through the sibilance of seeing the sights as it conveys these adventures as stimulating thus influencing her female readers to reach out further than their heterosexual person relationship.Clearly, Duffys collection consists of various impenetrable and weighty subjects and Little Red-Cap contains the majority of the themes present in the collection. In an interview in 2005 with Duffy the interviewer, Barry Wood, identified particular poems in this collection that are unashamedly mark off in a contemporary idiom, re-casting the old stories in terms of modern life allowing Duffy to subverting them 2. Arguably, the act of modernisation here allows her readers to identify with the aforementioned issues raised.This therefore allows believe for the future for women regarding their status and value as individuals rather than as simply wives or mothers. As a homosexual, Duffys feminist views coincided with the notably iconic statement made by Dorothy Parker heterosexuality is not normal, its just common as her collection takes a very common relationship that of man and wife and presents a collection of poetic monologues from the perspective of the wife 3 in order to give the worlds wife a voice. Little Red-Cap has been identified as a personal account of her relationship with her ex-husband in the interview with Barry Wood as he suggestively asks with a strong autob iographical investment, focusing on the idea of yourself as a young poet, asserting your independence. with a reply of CAD Yes. therefore proving that the poem is reflective of Duffys feminist views and opinions on heterosexual relationships. The Worlds Wife consists of providing wives of famous and infamous historic, fictional and biblical male characters a voice in society as the majority were not even considered, whilst commonly criticising the male population for its ignorance, arrogance, selfishness the list is incessant. Because it is a personal poem Duffys views are most definitely included within Little Red-Cap as are they included in the collection as a whole. Therefore the poem of subjection is representative of the collection The Worlds Wife.Word count With quotes- 1,245 Without quotes- 952 Bibliography 1. Michael Woods critique of Queen Herod http//www. sheerpoetry. co. uk/advanced/carol-ann-duffy/notes-on-selected-poems-advanced/queen-herod 2. Interview with Carol Ann Duffy and Barry Wood http//www. sheerpoetry. co. uk/advanced/interviews/carol-ann-duffy-the-world-s-wife in 2005. 3. An essay written by username doralulusparky http//www. studymode. com/essays/The-World-s-Wife-Carol-Ann-Duffy-598083. html in February 2011.

Comparison of the Man He Killed, the Send-Off and Dulce Et Decorum Est Essay

The Send-Off, by Wilfred Owen, is an ironic and dark humoured description of how the soldiers were direct off to the battlefront, during World War I. In this poem, Owen conveys to us that the soldiers are being sent to their doom. From the very start we sense the soldiers lost fate. The soldiers go to the train, they are relation joyfully, as if they are being sent to a country picnic, but of course the narration is omniscient, we make love what lies ahead of them, and so simultaneously the lanes are darkening around them. This poem actually conveys a meat that struggle is not as glorious and honourable as it is always portrayed as. Even the title, The beam could mean two things. Firstly, it could mean that the soldiers were being sent off to war. However, it could also mean that the soldiers were being sent off to their deaths.This emphasizes the fact that war actually is not what it is portrayed to be. It is not glorious and honourable to crowd in war but the people and sold iers going through it suffer greatly and most do not survive. Similarly, The Man He Killed also portrays war negatively which is reflected through the poets choice of words describing war such as, quaint and curious war is. However, The Man He Killed focuses on the senselessness and futility of war, where a public has killed another quite simply because they were fighting on opposing sides in a war. Likewise Dulce et decorum Est illustrates the harsh reality and brutality of war but in this poem the poet writes about an actual pillow slip in war that he has witnessed. Dulce et Decorum Est describes a mustard gas attack on a group of war-weary soldiers. Owens painfully direct language combines gritty realism with an aching sense of compassion.

Chinas Pollution Essay

When people esteem well-nigh China the main affaire that comes to mind is its wonderful scenery and growing economy. China has been catching up to the rest of the world by industrializing. According to the organization for economic corporation department (OECD) Chinas Economy testament overtake the U.S. as the biggest in the world by 2016. However there ar mevery concerns leading up to Chinas success. In the put of Chinas extraordinary economic growth and industrial growth, the energy proscribedputs to supporting this growth has resulted in an every time high in contaminant. This growth has caused China to be the or so polluted republic in the world.Many parts of China are suffering from water and air contaminant callable to coal mining and the dumping of toxic neutralises. The question we ask today is what has the governing body done to attempt the defilement issue? Pollution in China has been a major hassle for years, dating all the way tush to the Mao Zedong and the Industrial Revolution. The brass was so preoccupied with the growing agriculture they overlooked the blank space. However with angry citizens and protesters they tried implementing different ways to protect the environment. Environmental officials finally took action, creating different laws to emend the air quality and work the water.Chinas economy is on a historic run relying on resources much(prenominal) as coal and water for their development. However Chinas increasingly polluted environment is largely due to the spheres hurried fabrication development causing large increase in energy consumption. This pollution paradox has left a deadly impact on the people in China. Air pollution is so bad that in some parts citizens adviset see the sun only when because of the passel and fog. The World Health Organization has estimated that this air pollution is responsible for 300,000 premature deaths annually. Those staggering numbers are a major problem that needs to be reg ulated. Chinese cities are covered in fatal cloak, which leads to water and air taint. Nearly 500 million Chinese citizens lack the access to unsafe drunkenness water and 1 percent out of the 560 million breath safe air. China is thriving because of its expanding industry muchover by using resources such as coal. Coal is a useful resource however it is a very dirty source and contaminates the air when burned.The industrial industry is allowing China to flourish economically unless at the same time leaving a drastic impact on the people. unrivalled of Chinas leading environmental researchers, Wang Jinnan, proclaimed It is a very awkward situation for the country because our greatest operation is also our biggest burden. This explains how resources such as coal contribute to the growing industry but also has deadly effects on the people. Chinas economy is on a historic run but is it expenditure putting peoples lives in jeopardy? Chinas reliance on coal has an effect on the a ir quality. It is said that China burns more coal then the U.S., Europe and Japan combined. The atomic number 16 dioxide that is emitted from the coal and fuel can affect breathing, cause respiratory illnesses and lung diseases. An unpublicized report done by the Chinese academy of Environmentalist planning said in estimate that yearly premature deaths attributed from outdoor pollution is on track to reach 550,000 in 2020.This alarming statistic has Chinas people worrying and fishy to see what the brass is up to. Air pollution not only affected the people but also the water, produce and other resources. The lack of fresh water in China evolves around the contamination of the Water due to illegal littering. In different regions in China factories and farms dump waste into the muster up water. Chinas environmentalist monitors say One- third of all river, and vast sections of Chinas great lakes endure water rated grade v, the most degrading level. As a result of this contaminated water China has the highest liver and patronise cancer deaths in the world. Water pollution is a complicated part of Chinas problem and is hard to be prevented. As a result of the dumping of wastes into main rivers and lakes many Chinese citizens dont have fresh water to drink. Leaving many people thirsty is not a problem government officials want for their country.In Liangqiao, a small village in China, citizens blame the tap Corporation for the dumping of chemicals into tributaries in the Laza River. This creates for a shortage of drinking water and untenable for agricultural use. A professor in South Chinas agricultural University says, The mining companys waste flows directly into the Laza River which runs into the Pearl River, a major source of drinking water for 12 million residents of Guangzhou city, This is a horrific problem and the government needs to react now before it gets worse. Riots broke out in a Xinchang, city in China, over the environmental degradation.Citize ns are angry at the lack of government initiative in the pollution and took matters into there own hands. One outraged villagerexplained, Our fields wont produce grain anymorewe dont dare to eat food grown from anyplace near here. The agriculture is declining, leaving farmers with a scarce amount of good. Government officials were overlooking this problem in order to keep the economy growing. In just 30 years china has do an extraordinary development economically and with the governments help China can thrive even further by implementing environmental regulations for the people.Over the years, government officials implemented ways to help the pollution problem as strong as maintaining economic development. Alarmed by the repercussions of industrialization and urbanization, Chinas environmental agencies are working on imputing laws to regulate the pollution. One of the first improvements made was the removal of lead, which was beneficial to Hong Kong by reducing their mortality ra te. Recognizing the problem Chinese leaders such as Deng Xiaoping and Prime Minister Jiaboa are speaking out, telling the people virtually different environmental protection laws. Although there are many objectives set forth by the government to fix this pollution problem, no real noticeable actions have taken effect. The Chinese Government is more worried about the economy then the people.The most determined effort control chinas fast industrial growth was the end known as the Green G.D.P., which was an effort to create an environmental yardstick for evaluating the performance of every official in China. It recalculated the gross domestic product to reflect the equal of pollution. This was an effort to regulate the financial loss that pollution had on the economy. However the government pulled out of the project in 2007. The Chinese government saw that the financial and economic issues that resulted from the G.D.P. such as the struggles realizing that any attempt to prevent pol lution would hinder it economically. The frightened idea to interrupt Chinas growing economy is a reason why China still has pollution today. In attempts to stick to their cowcatcher goals to prevent pollution, China began to make continuous efforts. In Linfen, China, known as the heaviest polluted city in the word, officials have set up laws to help clean up the region.The Xiangfen County Environmental Protection Bureau denote that seven factories will close due to their environmental harm. Chinese environmentalist Yang spoke out about the factories saying,If they fail to meet the (pollution) goals in the first year, their superiors will raise the topic in the second year, they will receive a formal warning in the third year, they will be removed from post. By threatening the closing down of factories, results in a greater up keep among factories. The only problem that would result in closing down these factories is unemployment however, the health of the people is more important . In 2011, Toyota Motor announced that they would be making low-emission cars in China. China has the biggest market of cars and creating an environmentally safe way to market a car is upright.Further-more, in recent years, Chinas attempts to help the environment have been successful and hasnt prevented economic progression. In the City of Lizhou, the environmental conditions were horrid because of the rapid industrialization and urbanization. However, by implementing the improvement in clean water, the citizens have benefited greatly. The Lizhou Environmental Management Project set forth to invest in cloaca networks, wastewater treatment plants, and waste collection stations. As a result of the advancement, wastewater treatment in the City has increased from 15 percent in 2005 to over 75 percent in 2011. The project was designed to provide clean water for poor urban areas in China. This is a stepping-stone for China and can hopefully lead to more change.Chinas industry development dates all the way back to the Great Leap Forward when Maos goal was to increase agricultural output with in all things considered, the communist government has acknowledged the major pollution problem in the country but is vague in terminating it. It needs to stop worrying so much about the growing economy and think more about the health of its people, an issue that stems from the pollution problem in china. As the environmental situation declines, China will not only become a healthier, more appealing place to live, but also raise funding through tourism and environmental technology, garnering the economical gains that the government strives to get.

The Hijras of India

The hijras of India atomic number 18 unlike any you capability see in any other part of the world. You might have occasion completelyy come crossways men dressed as women, wearing garishly bright makeup. They immediately attract attention to themselves for all the wrong reasons and most often win ridicule. We atomic number 18 really not sure if eunuch, transvestite, gay or trans gender is actually the right limit for a hijra as their friendly more thans be very unique and are almost above classification by westerly terms.One can attempt to know them by their social mores rather than by classification by taxonomy, so here goes Who is a hijra? Is there no western classification to this transgender from India? Because of a lack of proper english definition, most research points to hijras associated with a matriarchal, hierarchical kin that encom sneak awayes LGBT orientations. Some relevant points here to help you understand who a hijra really is 1. thither are more than a mi llion hijras in India, the largest presence in any country . Hijras live in clans or all-male hijra communities. The hierarchical head of much(prenominal) a community is called a guru. The followers are chelas. The gurus and chelas live in harmony. 3. In larger cities, like Delhi and Mumbai, hijra communities could coalesce based on language and caste but they are mostly secular in their views on everything. 4. Their sharp clapping conveys their presence and orientation quickly to the natural folks. The clap I demonstrate in the audio is simply limp and incorrect.The hijras clap is a distinct horizontal flat palms striking against and perpendicular to each other, with fingers spread, as opposed to the common applause-style, upright palm & closed fingers strike. I believe this is an extension to their physiological identity. It communicates I am, who I am. There is a sense of instant identification of the community they belong to. Sociologists actually think there are subtle variat ions in the taal of the hijras clap that, apart from controlling the attention of normals like us, are to a fault used for internal codified messages.Modern hijras maybe dropping this unique aural identifier to possibly naturalize themselves into the simpleness of society. Apart from it being somewhat aurally arresting, the visual beauty of the henna design on their pass on gets a resounding slap and abruptly snaps it out of its intended accent on their femininity. This could salutary be the reason why an activist, Laxmi Narayan Tripathi discourages the continuing use of the hijra clap, as it has come to only signify beg and extortion. 5. According to Indian surveys, less than 10% of the hijras are castrated . Castration is a hijras last-ditch form of liberation. Either through a legal gender reassignment by a qualified compensate or an illegal unhygienic, and painful excision by another designated hijra spiritual head. The latter, can often attract to death, but is considere d a pure form of nirwaan. Those who have undergone and survived the barbaric excision are accorded greater detect in the hijra community. Thankfully, contrary to popular myth, only 10% are actually castrated. Woefully, the deaths due to illegal excisions are not registered. 7.It is believed that because of their unique gender liminality, they have the power to express boon or bane to the recipient. practically called to celebrate weddings and births of newborns. 8. In a successful employment and empowerment scheme, they accompanied Indian tax collectors in the year 2005 and had a revenue share of 4% of the collections attributable to their skills. A euphemism for exhortation, if you ask me, both by the hijras and the tax collectors 9. Unlike their western counterparts, they are neither men nor women and do not attempt to pass as one.I have a problem with this concept, as they do pick a dominant gender role, when they seek partnership. 10. The Aruvanis of Tamil Nadu have also state d that they do not like to be labeled as hijras but as transgendered females. This is cause for some confusion. Was it due to social stigma associated by the term? 11. Most often, hijras are born male but aspire to be women and yearn for a homophiles love. 12. Most of the hijras are poor and are discriminated against. They are not gainfully employed and result resort to beg or extort for money and are given to sex work. 3. Because of the lack of jobs umteen hijras are forced to prostitution and have higher rates of prevalence of HIV within their communities. ** 14. nongovernmental organizations employ hijra activists to ensure that their fundamental human rights are not violated. Illegal police custodies and lock-ups of hijras are quickly dealt with by the NGOs. One such promising NGO that has done stellar work with the hijra communities is SANGAMA in Bangalore. ** Sangama was set up in 1999 and is funded by the Bill Gates Foundation and the Fund for Global adult male Rights amo ng others.As well as organising protests and rallies, groups like Sangama have been instrumental in establishing community networks with monthly meetings and safe spaces such as drop-in centres for all sexual minority groups. Two thirds of their spending goes towards fighting against the spread of HIV transmittal through awareness programmes and condom distribution. According to Sangama, approximately 18-20 per cent of hijras are HIV positive. Four eld ago, Rex says, there were third to four AIDS deaths every month in Bangalore, now there are three to four deaths every year. http//petervas. wordpress. com

Ethics Games Dilemmas Essay

The Baird Method establish on the quaternion ethical lenses and the four plus one finis-making method. In taking previous classes it was set apart that no one lens fits the values of bookman Nayeli Trejos. The professor shocked with the results, and no student anterior to Nayeli received that score in the lens test. This has to do with the fact that a person is non a particular lens all the time but shifts into a lens, depending on the website. Two dilemmas were presented to the student after coaching in each lens the best decision ground on the lens was chosen. The student had the prospect to make the decision based on core values of the individual.Ethical Issues of Simulation and finale making stepsThe set-back ethical issue presented in the simulation was a concern of an employee with a possible sexual harassment gaffe. This employee had voiced concern about feeling uncomfortable in genuine situations. The director of gross revenue made aw ar by a third party regardin g the situation of the employee receiving tautological attention. The director received an e-mail from the employee stating the employee wanted to meet but for the director to keep everything confidential. The director of sales used the four plus one step decision-making plan known as the Baird method. The steps are be attentive, be intelligent, be reasonable, be responsible and be reflective (Ethicsgame, 2012).The best decision was based on the rights/responsibility lens and the results lens. The ethical issue presented in the second situation discusses tampering with search data results. The marketing director received a request to review the data to be submitted by the division medical director for publication. aft(prenominal) reviewing the report the marketing director noticed inconsistencies form the first report drafted. The medical director removed data that was not favorable for the research and replaced with favorable data. The four plus one decision method was to addres s ethical issues. The marketing director chose the best picking based on the results and reputation lens.Ethical Lenses used andLens Influence on Decision in that location are four ethical lenses that influenced the decision of the simulated ethical issues. The simulation offered the perspectives of the lenses to make the best decision based on the lens tools. The lenses are rights/responsibility lens, results lens, relationship lens, and reputation lens (Ethicsgame, 2012). Each dilemma presented offered two lenses to make a decision based on the tools of each lens. The simulation gave the best fare based on the lens and after the reader had the choice based on the individuals core values. After identifying the best choice for all lenses the students choice was rated for risk.Concepts Relating to the WorkplaceA lifeguard on duty involve to be easily identifiable for that reason employers require uniforms. Lifeguards uniform includes a bathing suit or trunk at all times while on d uty. Females have an option of wearing boxers and a shirt over the bathing suit. Males have the option of wearing a shirt. The facility sees nigh 1,200 patrons a day. The probability of sexual harassment in this environment is higher. There are employees under grow working alongside employees who are much older. Some females expressed feeling uncomfortable in original situations. These concerns were addressed immediately to protect the employee as well as the organization.It is a requirement for employees to attend regular training and meeting to discuss policies and procedures. In these meetings a manual is issued to employees stating policies, procedure, and legal rights. The protocols were outline for the individuals in case of any situation. In addition to employee trainings supervisors are sent to an additional management meeting. This meeting addressed how to retrace proper protocol to protect the individual filling the report as well as the organization. remnantKnowledg e is power and educating employees will rationalize risk of ethical issues. In these simulations different ethical issues were addressed. The opportunity to view two different perspectives before making a decision is beneficial. This allows the decision maker to reduce risk and keep the best interest of all parties involved. Know that the decision maker will not only stay in one lens but also will mold, depending on the situation at hand.ReferencesEthicsGame (2012). Retrieved from http//ethicsgame.com/Exec/CorpGame/BairdDecisionModel.aspx

Sheena Pugh’s ‘The craft I left in was called Esau’ Poetry Analysis

We control been studying 3 of Sheena Pughs verses which all relate to hide and humankind . In poem unity titled the craft I left in was called Esau , it shows the weary travellers that had to leave terra firma for one reason or another in a timid and nauseating mood , obviously searching for a new place to live. The poem makes the reader feel tense almost postponement for something to happen. The fact they had to leave portrays a sense of imminent danger , the fact they scratched the word Esau on the room access makes it seem identical it was done in haste as if to enjoin they could have been wiped out at any moment.The name Esau on the door relates to the bible story when Esau sells his heritage to his brother Jacob for a rolling wave of pottage which is to say that weve abused the priming. The second poem we read was called Do you think well eer eng deather to see earth sir? and it shows our characters taking trips to see earth like sightseers . Our teacher Christie stating the ideas theorys pointlessness as there is hardly anything to see. The three poem was called Geography 1 and is about an island called Surtsey which was actually a vol dismisso.This means that in the ordinance of poems it shows the end of the earth , returning to earth , and a new bit of earth. In poem 1 the craft is called Esau because it insinuates that mankind threw away its inheritance. They say in the text the name Esau was scratched on the door which portrays a sense of neighboring(a) danger or emergency which forced them to leave. Incongruous is used in the text and means something does not operate the pattern and so while the travellers argon joking nervously it doesnt feel instead right somehow.We know the travellers are on their first journey of this kind because they were joking nervously as if they were just trying to ignore the fact they were travelling into the unknown. I dont think they are coming back because the reason they are nervous is that they know that if everything goes wrong then they dont have a safe-house to return to. The poet uses the word fluid twice in successiveness to emphasise it (the stillness) , a new ocean portrays a new task or challenge waiting to be mapped out.They say it seemed natural to reflection for a horizon because the word natural because it suggests that theyre going purely on instinct while if it were normal then it would be a tried and tested method of tracking position. The charted coastlines mentioned in the poem suggest an unstarted map , a blindly followed path in search for a new home. Our late guesthouse suggests its not the last part of the story , it isnt the end as if theres more to tot up or they are part of a much deeper plot.This poem has no poem alone has saucer-eyed language however the reader is compelled to continue reading just in case they miss something significant thats about to happen. The second poem we have studied that is pen by Sheena Pugh is called Do you th ink well ever get going to see earth sir? . It is about a cynical earth survivor getting rather emotive about the concept of savouring lost memories or in this case , earth.The poem is written as a brief lecture to a student , which almost instructs the student about what to do if he sees even the smallest image of the past. The writer makes us think about the future by devising us think about how we will be remembered by our descendants. While reading you cant help but think about what fate could lead to the evacuation of earth , the thing that hangs in my mind is the concept of a nuclear war , the reason this ties in with the poem is that we hear the teacher say theyre still toxic nuclear war could potentially do this.This poem has a person telling it with a very sharp , sarcastic tone in their voice , this gives the impression that this person just wants the find out to forget. This poem makes me feel insecure because the best thing about earth is the sense of security you g et when say at home in your room because in a way nothing can touch you there. The other thing about this poem is that it has no verses as if all the points that are do are inter-twined and need not be separated.The word look is used very often as if to say be a part of it not just stare and gaze upon it. She says things like see it with your beat etc which I think means that you should see it with all your senses and not just sight. If I had to pick one , my favourite word would be damascening because it sounds like a very rigorous describing word. The third poem we have studied is called Geography 1 and the person in the poem is describing the birth of a new part of earth , the island of Surtsey.Surtsey was a small island that was formed by a volcanic eruption , Surtsey was said to be definitive because it was like seeing the earth being born again. I think Surtsey was used as a lesson to the pupils because it shows a fresh start which can lead on to better times. Throughout th e poem I believe Sheena is trying to say that novelties do eventually turn old and unimportant. The mood of this poem is of a non-caring , ignorant to the past mood for example when he says fancy that , but I hadnt time to look properly.Throughout the poem Pugh makes us feel gripped and embraced until the ironic ending. The language does encourage this mood with correctly describing phrases ie flood of colours. I think this poem is written in verses to separate the various points the poet is trying to convey , for example in the 4th paragraph they show the novelty of Surtsey by axiom Surtsey was important but the 5th paragraph contradicts this by saying that it was forgotten, even the birds nested in a fewer years. Christie is supposed to be teaching a Geography lesson in the poem.I quite like the phrase with angry energy , it wanted to shout because while reading it you do get a rush of energy. I do not like the phrase Surtsey was important because it was like seeing the eart h being born again because I feel this point is obvious and has already been made. I do like the poem however because it has powerful phrases and has a point (volcanic eruption), which can be easily envisioned because unlike the other two poems it is a concept that man can currently experience.I definitely prefer this poem as it has good describing phrases and high octane adjectives. The first poem made me feel quite tense because you had to imagine being on a ship seeing your life fade into the outgo , poem two made me feel quite cynical as the fact its a individual(prenominal) poem makes it easier to fal into the very plot of the character Christie and so you do see the point he is making.The third poem Geography 1gave you a feeling of having too much energy followed by too microscopical because its a transition from that flood of colours to just an offshore island. I did prefer the third poem because as I said before it has a conceivable concept. These three poems do show th e end of earth, returning to earth, and a new bit of earth, this shows d ontogeny but in a way evolution because a new bit of earth implies a new, fresh start.